Our ‘little earth man’ Nino, (please pass me the translation from the German form, Erdmännchen), has done it! He has left the natal group.
Nino has successfully defended his PhD thesis at the end of November and is now ready for a new adventure…out there.
Typically meerkats disperse in small coalitions of two or more individuals, for they find strength in the number. Our previous dispersing trio proves it! Nino went alone, which is quite unusual for meerkats. So he may come back home, like the majority of the single dispersers or, being a very resilient disperser, he may also be successful alone elsewhere. According to what is written in his thesis (shall we really trust his work…?), the task will now be to find some conspecifics of the opposite sex and a territory to settle…
The African wild dog is Africa’s most endangered large carnivore and is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List. Less than 6’000 free-ranging individuals survive in the wild and the species has been given very high conservation priority.
The African wild dog, like few other territorial land species, is characterized by the need for vast semi-pristine and undisturbed areas. This peculiarity makes it particularly vulnerable to habitat loss, deterioration, and fragmentation. This highlights the importance of landscape connectivity between subpopulations in and around protected areas.
A deeper understanding of where and how resident packs and dispersing individuals move, and the demographic consequences of dispersal, is therefore important for the management and conservation of the species over larger landscapes such as the Kavango-Zambesi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA/TFCA).
On Christmas day 2018, we were able to observe the first high-resolution trans boundary dispersal from Botswana’s Okavango Delta to Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park. This journey highlights the central role of Botswana in the KAZA/TFCA trans boundary conservation effort, as well as the role of the African wild dog as a flagship species.
On 16th December 2018, four sisters dispersed from their pack resident just outside Moremi Gamer Reserve in Botswana. The pack is part of a long term study and is regularly followed by our collaborators on site, the Botswana Predator Conservation Trust. This dispersing coalition is somehow unusual, as it is composed of females born to the same mother but in three different litters (in three consecutive years). The coalition dispersed in an almost straight line moving east and crossed the Zimbabwean border after covering an astonishing 280 km. They continued and covered additional 100 km within Hwange National Park, totalling 360 km in only nine days! Thanks to a collaboration with the Zimbabwean-based Painted Dog Conservation Program, we were able to confirm that all four females are still alive and in good conditions. As they seem to have slowed down a little, the daily covered distance much decreased in the past few days, we expect them to soon associate with unrelated males. The formation of a new pack and the settlement in a new territory is the ultimate goal of dispersal, as successful dispersal allow gene flow between subpopulations and for the recolonisation of empty areas.
We will be able to continue monitoring this dispersal event, thanks to the Satellite technology in the radio collar and to the support of the folks at Painted Dog Conservation in Zimbabwe. Stay tune for more updates on these girls and on future dispersers.
Trans boundary dispersal event from Botswana’s Okavango Delta to Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park. The blue line represents the dispersal trajectory, the yellow line the international boundaries. The red square represents the last recorded location.
Well done team wild dog for two additional awards!
The Vectronics Aerospace photo contest 2018 and the British Ecological Society photography competition 2018, in the category “Ecology in Action”. What next…?
Stay tuned for some exciting findings from our African wild dog dispersal study.
Congratulations to Dominik for winning the prestigious Southwood Price of the British Ecological Society for the best paper by an early career researcher. His paper, published in the Journal of Applied Ecology, combines human acceptance and habitat suitability to create a unified socio-ecological suitability model to better understand patterns of wolf expansion and recolonisation in Switzerland.
We left behind quite an exciting couple weeks. PopEcol fledged its first cohort of PhDs. Tina, Sam and Koen successfully defended their four years of research and received their doctoral degrees.
They are not only our first PhD fledglings, but also among the founding members of PopEcol. It was difficult to say bye to the trio, who has been with us since the beginning of our group. We can only hope that this separation anxiety gets easier with future fledglings.
We wish them all the best for their future (and very much hope to be a part of that future)! 🙂
Here are the proud carriers of the amazing PhD hats:
Tina Cornioley
Thesis title: “Trait-mediated effects of climate on the population dynamics of the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans)”
Sam Cruickshank
Thesis title: “Dealing with uncertainty in amphibian and reptile population monitoring for conservation”
Koen van Benthem
Thesis title: “Trait-based mechanistic and phenomenological approaches for predicting population dynamics”
“Kuna twiga pale,” I say in Swahili to our driver Meshak. There are giraffes over there. My partner Dr. Derek Lee and I stand side-by-side in the back of our Land Cruiser, its top opened, and peer through our binoculars at a herd of Masai giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) feeding on umbrella-shaped Acacia tortillis trees several hundred meters away. We are deep in the heart of Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania, East Africa. “I see at least 12 giraffes,” Derek says. “Let’s head over there.” As our vehicle bumps across the savanna towards the herd, some individuals continue eating and milling around, while some lift their heads and watch our approach, serenely chewing their wads of cud. As long as we advance slowly and do not drive directly towards them, they are unconcerned.
A group of young male giraffes in Tarangire National Park
We carefully scan the ground for aardvark holes and logs hidden in the grass as we proceed forward. The closer we get to the giraffes, it strikes me how absurdly tall and oddly shaped, yet wonderfully elegant these majestic creatures are, the world’s tallest of animals. When we are about 70 meters from the closest giraffe, we swing the vehicle around to see her right side. Derek photographs her while I measure her exact distance away from the camera using a laser rangefinder, so later we can use photogrammetry to calculate her height. I record the photograph number, her distance from camera, and her sex and age class in our field notebook. Moving on to the other giraffes, we weave in and out of the trees and bushes, constantly adjusting our angle to get photos perpendicular to the animal. If we witness a nursing calf, we make a note connecting the cow-calf pair. We also record anything unusual such as signs of disease or injury. After everyone has been photographed, we mark a GPS location in the approximate center of the group, make a final count of all the giraffes, and follow our original tracks back to the road. As we drive off, the giraffes stare after us with their big, long-lashed eyes, chewing intermittently, but otherwise completely unfazed as we depart with more data points in our growing set of thousands of photographic giraffe ‘captures.’
A male giraffe in Tarangire National Park
Derek and I are implementing the world’s largest individual-based demographic study of giraffes in terms of sample size and area sampled. We conduct six surveys per year towards the end of each of Tanzania’s three precipitation seasons, with every survey lasting about 10 days. We are investigating births, deaths and movements of giraffes in the Tarangire ecosystem—a region undergoing rapid anthropogenic land-use changes—to understand where they are doing well and why, and using that information to conserve declining giraffe populations. For my PhD in the Program Ecology at the University of Zürich, I will be using our photographic capture-recapture data to study giraffe natal dispersal patterns and to quantify the fitness consequences of their social dynamics. I am part of both the ‘Population Ecology’ and the ‘Cooperation and Social Structuring in Mammals’ research groups.
Monica Bond holds a giraffe skullDr. Derek Lee photographs a giraffe for identification in Tarangire National Park
Despite being an African icon and one of the planet’s last mega-herbivore species, giraffes remain understudied in the wild. In part, this is because giraffes were not intensively hunted until recently in some areas: they don’t produce tusks or horns that are coveted as trophies or medicine and they are not an aggressive species. Sadly, however, giraffes are becoming increasingly endangered throughout their range in sub-Saharan Africa due to conversion of savanna woodland habitat to agriculture, deforestation for charcoal, and bushmeat poaching.
A giraffe browses on Acacia
Giraffe numbers have plummeted across Africa by an estimated 40 percent in the last few decades, to the point where they now number far fewer than African elephants. The IUCN recently upgraded the species Giraffa camelopardis to “vulnerable” on the Red List (while scientists are debating the number of species, all giraffes are currently still considered to be one species). Most giraffe populations are now largely restricted to lands in and around national parks. Predation by lions and hyenas also can negatively affect giraffe survival—a natural phenomenon that becomes a problem as wildlife are squeezed into small protected areas.
Lions prey upon giraffe calves and sometimes adults
After decades of little research on the wild giraffes, scientists are showing renewed interest in these gentle giants because of their declining numbers. Derek and I began photographing individual giraffes in 2011 to build a database of demographic information on giraffes across the Tarangire ecosystem. This region, which contains two national parks and a large private ranch embedded within a matrix of village lands, is known for its extraordinary diversity and abundance of large mammals including giraffes, elephants, zebras, antelopes, lions, and leopards, but these magnificent animals exist in a landscape undergoing rapid changes.
Drinking can be awkward for a giraffe
The Tarangire ecosystem is second in giraffe density only to the nearby world-famous Serengeti ecosystem, but unlike the Serengeti, land in Tarangire is largely unprotected. Since the 1940s, human population and agricultural expansion in Tarangire have increased fivefold, causing substantial habitat loss and fragmentation. Bushmeat poaching is also a serious problem—recent research suggests that each year poachers kill about 90 giraffes in just one small part of the Tarangire ecosystem. Giraffes are hunted at night, dazed by spotlights or confused by loud horns and killed with machetes or spears; giraffes are also targeted with wire neck snares set high in the tree canopy.
Monica Bond speaks with local Masai tribal members
We study wild giraffes using two technologies, digital photography and pattern-recognition software, to identify and track individuals by their coat patterns. Every giraffe has unique and unchanging spot patterns, much like the human fingerprint. These patterns enable us to identify and monitor individual giraffes with the aid of a computer algorithm that matches the thousands of photographs we collect during our surveys. We can determine where and when we last saw the animal, whether a female was pregnant or nursing, and who else was in the herd. Demographic studies of uniquely patterned species using the non-invasive photographic method have grown in popularity as digital cameras and pattern-recognition software have improved. These technologies allow us to compile demographic data on thousands of giraffes—sample sizes unheard of in the days before computers. The method is also much less expensive than physical captures for marking of large mammals, and is entirely non-invasive and non-traumatic. Other recent demographic studies using pattern-recognition software with digital photographs have been conducted on wild dogs, wildebeests, and even toads (my UZH colleagues Sam Cruickshanck and Benedict Schmidt just published a study on yellow-bellied toads in Switzerland using the same pattern-recognition software that we use).
Wild ID pattern-matching computer software
To date we have identified and are monitoring over 3,100 individual giraffes. We aim to understand factors affecting survival and reproduction in landscapes subjected to different human uses, including parks and village lands, and also to identify important calving grounds and critical movement pathways. My PhD research will help ascertain how human and natural factors influence sociality and fitness, and how these mega-herbivores move around the ecosystem, which will provide insights into what may be the most effective conservation measures. The ultimate goal is to enable healthy populations of giraffes to continue roaming across this ecosystem as they have for eons, fulfilling their important ecological functions and delighting humans for generations to come. The Masai Giraffe Conservation Demography Project is being conducted by the Wild Nature Institute. Visit their website to learn more.
The work field biologists do and the places they do it in blow my mind. The first time I wrote a “Through the Eyes of an Engineer” article was when I went to the Kalahari for the first time, and I thought I had seen all the amazing things that I would ever see in this life. I was happy and ready to settle down and tell my grandchildren these stories while they pulled my contentedly whitening hair. Well, being in Konstanz this past week for the Sixth Bio-Logging Symposium changed all that. With an enigmatic smile, Life brushed away the curtains in front of one of the rooms I hadn’t yet set eyes upon, and streaming rays of awe poured in and filled my consciousness.
The Bio-Logging Symposium is an international conference held every three years where people present findings and techniques related to data obtained through sensors put on/in animals. I’m writing this little piece as a memory of the unbelievable things I saw during this conference and the inspiring people I had the good fortune of meeting and talking to.
Coming from an engineering background, I’ve been conditioned to a world of buildings, shops, computers, graphs, apps and algorithms. This was the world my daily consciousness resided in and took for granted. This conference took this world and compressed it to a pixel in one of the frames of the feature films that is the biological planet we live on, and that’s hidden (fortunately, perhaps) from the eyes of city-dwellers like myself.
I have seen things during this conference that I did not even think about dreaming of. A map of the globe centered around Antarctica was shown in the very first keynote talk by the legendary Gerry Kooyman, who’d spent his entire life working with various animals in the white desert that is the Antarctic. Imagine if you got lost near the South Pole and came across a friendly seal and asked it for directions. Whatever place you’d ask for, the seal would just say, “Oh, it’s up north”, and it would always be right! Talking to Gerry Kooyman a few days later made me rethink the physical references we always take for granted. I asked him how people in the Antarctic managed to avoid crevasses hidden by deceptive, flimsy layers of superficial snow. In response, he told me how broad the issue really was. They could, in fact, not even pinpoint where the horizon was – where the ice ended and where the sky started was anybody’s guess. Even entire hummocks (ice “hills”) would be rendered invisible by the near-complete lack of contrast! Recounting one such episode, he said that once, while driving around in his snow-mobile, he noticed that the engine started straining, and despite going full-throttle, the speed was just not as high anymore. Steeling himself against a slowly sinking heart, fearing a vehicle malfunction, he kept going, and noticed after a while that the engine was back to normal. Curious, he said to himself. He later realised that he’d ridden over a hummock without even seeing it! Recounting a second other-worldly phenomenon, he said he would often chase the green lights of the Aurora Australis on his trusty snow-mobile as they passed over the Antarctic over several minutes.
I saw videos from cameras attached to the backs of elephant seals! Using these cameras, researchers working with National Geographic found that elephant seals would go down to the ocean floor, much lower than they’d earlier expected, to hunt for lobsters scurrying around. This was the first solid proof that protected areas defined for the seals by neighbouring countries needed to extend all the way down to the ocean floor, since the seals will anyway go there to forage, and the protection would only mean something if the entire area traversed by these seals was covered.
As if watching the ocean floor from an elephant seal’s point of view wasn’t spectacular enough, I also met someone from a group in California who put cameras on the back of a blue whale. A blue whale, can you imagine?! For the first time, I got a faint semblance of just how big it really was, and how surprisingly mobile it was for its size. It reminded me of how one has a brief moment of surprise when a plump person turns out to be an excellent dancer. In the video, the blue whale, which one often forgets is actually a predator, made its way determinedly towards a school of fish that had arranged itself into a spherical shape. Approaching the fish, I watched with a quickly dropping jaw as the blue whale reared its head up and opened its gargantuan jaws and swam right through the centre of that school of fish, gobbling up several of them in a single go! This group of researchers had also put gyroscopes and accelerometers on the blue whale along with the camera and saw how these beautiful, massive beasts made banked turns (where they not only turned their head to turn, but also rotated their body around the head-tail axis to make the turn at high speed) during hunting, and slower turns when they were simply sauntering along. What was quite surprising for me was that they actually used the accelerometer and gyroscope to understand what they saw in the videos! In any usual scenario, like with my study with the meerkats, one looks at the video first, observes the activity being carried out by the animal, and then tries to understand the signals recorded by the accelerometer. Puzzled, I asked them what required them to trust the accelerometer and gyroscope more than the video, and they then showed me a video that blew my understanding of deep underwater environments to smithereens. When you are a hundred metres underwater, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to gauge just from a picture of the water (from the camera attached to the blue whale) which way is up and which is down! How surprising! Only in some videos, the Sun shone through, and the top part of the video was slightly brighter than the bottom part, and so we could tell which direction was which. The sensors (the camera, inertial measurement units, pressure, temperature and light intensity recorders) were arranged in a cuboidal device with four suction cups on the bottom surface. These suction cups would be attached to the whale’s body. Sometimes, they said that the whale’s skin was as smooth as glass, and the unit would just slip down because the suction cups would just not hold. Other times, the blue whale would just shed a lot of its outer skin, and the cups would get detached along with the shed skin. So many practical challenges! How cool, how awesome! Phffff, I still can’t come to terms with watching the ocean from a blue whale’s perspective!
I learned that polar bears were great swimmers, and that they were truly ‘marine’ mammals. A study in the Arctic waters found a polar bear that swam for seven hundred kilometres straight, continuously over several days! They also showed a rather endearing picture of a little polar bear cub perched atop its mother’s back as it piggy-backed across the frigid waters with its mother swimming at the surface. Since the cubs were smaller and had lesser fat reserves than adults, they couldn’t venture out into the water alone at such an early age – they would just freeze to death otherwise!
Another talk gave, apart from other cool information on Arctic foxes, anecdotal evidence of just how powerful their olfactory senses might be. A truck transporting salmon in Norway had an accident and all the salmon fell in a heap on the ground. The next day, trotting over from more than a hundred kilometres away, a small group of Arctic foxes starting from Sweden had found their way to this site, and happily feasted on this lucky find. Comparing that to human olfactory abilities, I’m generally quite relieved when I realise I need deodorant before others around me start to agree.
Another professor told us about how adult vultures were experts at climbing thermals (to gain altitude in the most energetically efficient way), and how juvenile vultures tended to not do so well, as they would flap their wings at the wrong moment during the ascent and consequently be left far below the adults who were climbing the very same thermal with consummate ease. The adults were apparently very adept at choosing just the right moment to turn their body (approximately every 7 seconds) as they moved upwards in spirals, and the timing of the juveniles was probably off. In fact, that professor actually went on a sabbatical to Australia (or was it New Zealand? I forget) to learn how to fly a glider, and said that the world champions training at the same club he was taking lessons at had independently (probably) figured out that the ideal way to climb the thermals in that part of the world was also to twist the glider around in a spiral and wait for the right moment to turn! Amazing how these vultures had perfected this technique, and that nature had figured out the perfect way to do it all by itself!
Some other examples of the amazing abilities of diverse animals – a researcher using a barometer attached to the back of a sperm whale (I’m going to stop saying just how unbelievable it is that people actually get to interact with such creatures as part of their daily job! “Hey, how was your day?”. “Oh well, you know, the usual. Woke up at 7 am, had some breakfast, popped into the ocean to tag a sperm whale. You?”. “Uh, never mind…”) measured a dive-depth of 3526 m below sea-level (I’m sure about the 3 and 5, but perhaps not about the 2 and 6), which is the deepest dive-depth of a sperm whale measured till date. Three-and-a-half kilometres below sea-level – I’ll probably not be able to hike that distance in an entire day! That’s just unfathomable! Quite literally, I suppose. She did caution us about the precision of this number, since the barometer was close to the maximum amount of pressure that it could measure. Awe is oozing through my nostrils, and I don’t even have the flu.
Another story from a professor from Switzerland tells of a ‘plain, old’ hoopoe flying at a height of 6000 m! Six kilometres above sea-level! That’s as high as mountains in the Himalayas! It must have climbed a (or multiple) thermals on its skyward journey, the professor said.
I learned something else that turned my understanding of the world on its head. Magnetic fields affect the photoreceptors (rods) in our retina, and that modifies the images we see. It could, for instance, introduce a pattern of two broad intersecting lines superimposed on our ‘normal’ field-of-view. The Earth’s magnetic field does this to some animals, and the images that they see when they’re oriented in the north-south direction are apparently slightly different from those they see when they’re oriented in the east-west direction. However, there seemed to be much debate about whether animals actually use these directional differences, and how much of an impact this actually had on animal behaviour, and about how much we could really conclude from the experiments that were done to explore this in foxes.
Experiencing these hitherto hidden corners of the world vicariously through cameras installed in unlikely places has changed my understanding of the world, and the way I felt about this field. I thought I really enjoyed signal processing, and that understanding meerkat behaviour from acceleration data was a beautiful application of it. But this past week made me realise that actually seeing these beings as they go about their daily lives gives birth to a simple, pure feeling of empathy that does not have any logical reason or goal behind it. So many times we hear about heroic animal conservation efforts in articles and interviews, and it does leave us with a warm and fuzzy feeling about the good in humanity, but doesn’t really touch us. Seeing these animals myself over this last week, and actually coming into contact with the people studying with them and hearing them talk about it sort of cracked an outer shell I had in my mind about bio-logging and animal conservation. It is not something separate from our daily lives, not something that happens far away in an unseen corner of a world that doesn’t concern us. People are not unfeeling or self-centered either – they have just not seen! If we could all just simply see the marvel of life around the planet, just simply observe these beautiful beings going about their daily business, we would all just sit with tears streaming down our faces – tears that come from places beyond reason and logic and goals and structure. And empathy would awaken… just like that.
I realised that this was an extension of what the mystic masters say about human life as well – we only feel a need to protect ourselves at all costs (which gets manifested as fear, aggression, comfort- and power-seeking) because we believe in a false sense of identity (our body, our country, our religion) that separates us from the rest of existence. What if all of us were Existence itself? Carl Sagan’s quote comes to mind: “We are a way for the cosmos to know itself”. We are the cosmos itself, and keeping it in good health (as far as our influence extends) is just as natural as perhaps brushing our teeth or taking a bath!
I did not add photos to this post because of two important reasons. First, it’s the difference between watching a film and reading a book – the film feeds you images and doesn’t give you the opportunity or the time to imagine stuff on your own. When you read, however, you stop and visualise, and the work your neurons do to create these inner images opens the doors to memory and emotion (that’s my own opinion, of course). The second important reason why this post doesn’t have any pictures is because I didn’t click any. 🙂
The winter months of June, July, and August mark the coldest period of the year in Northern Botswana. It is this cool period that African wild dogs choose for whelping, as pup rearing is energetically costly for a pack. Typically, the dominant female looks for a suitable den site, such as an abandoned aardvark hole, where she will give birth. As the mother is obliged to stay at the den to nurse and protect the pups, so the survival of both the mother and pups is fully dependent on the other pack members during this critical period. The rest of the pack all leaves the den site once or twice per day to go hunt, and upon returning, they regurgitate part of their freshly caught meal to feed both mother and pups.
During the denning period, the normal ranging radius of a pack is drastically reduced. Consequently, denning season is the optimal time of the year to locate the study area packs and for pack monitoring. This July we tried our luck to locate the den site of the missing ‘Mula’ pack. This pack was formed in February 2016 by the joining of a male dispersing group with a female group, each of which we had monitored with satellite collars as part of our ongoing research project on African wild dog dispersal. However, these satellite collars both had dropped off by now. As we are also interested in the settlement and reproductive success of recently formed packs, it was critical to catch up with this pack again.
Having no working radio telemetry collars on the pack we were left with no other option than to track down the pack on the ground the old-fashioned way. We already knew that the new Mula pack’s home range extended from Xakanaxa all the way east along the Khwai river to North Gate of Moremi Game Reserve. This meant they could theoretically have been denning anywhere within about 400 km2 and along a stretch of about 50 km. We decided to start our search mission in Xakanaxa where frequent sightings of 12 wild dogs had been reported on the sightings board at Moremi South Gate. The last time we saw ‘Mula’ pack, at the end of 2016, they were ten adults plus two pups. Therefore, these reports sounded promising.
With enough supplies to spend a couple of days away from our research camp, Ed, a Research Technician at Botswana Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT), and I set out for the 50 km drive to Xakanaxa. Upon arrival, we bumped into some safari guides who told us that they had regularly seen a pack of 10 wild dogs and one male was wearing one of our radio collars. Luckily, one of the guides had just seen the pack earlier that morning. Using this information, we started looking for fresh tracks on the main road and soon found some. The prints were following the road for roughly 3km but eventually they left the road and we lost their tracks. We decided to park our LandRover close to a crossroad to see if the pack would use the same road on their way out of the presumed den site for the evening hunt.
Our car parked next to the road in anticipation of the ‘Mula’ pack coming along on their way out of the presumed den site.
Being impatient, we left our lookout before sunset and looped around to the North the nearby Paradise Pools to search there. With no success, we drove back to the crossroad to find out that the pack had just come by, as indicated by the many fresh tracks on the road. We rushed following the tracks and caught up with the pack shortly after. They were spaced apart and due to the progressing darkness, we were not able to count more than eight individuals. As we were taking photos of them for identification, one of the dogs who was lagging behind suddenly turned back and sprinted down the road toward where they just came from. We followed him as we guessed he might have changed his mind and decided to return to the den. He ran down the road at full speed, coming by our stake out place at the crossroad and then continued heading further south. Then suddenly, he turned east into the thick mopane bushes. It was too dark for us to try to follow him through the thick vegetation, we took a GPS fix of where he turned off and went off to find a suitable spot to spend the night. Later that evening we confirmed by examining our photos, that these were indeed the remaining members of ‘Mula’ pack.
Our first encounter of ‘Mula’ pack as they were trotting along to road for an evening hunt.
Early the next morning, we positioned the vehicle again at the crossroad in hopes that the pack would come by again. Unfortunately, no dogs appeared and we had to conclude they must have chosen a different route. Just as we were about to leave, another game drive vehicle pulled up and told us they had just seen the dogs back on the airstrip again heading east – which meant towards where we saw them last night. In anticipation that the dogs would continue running in a straight line, we drove south on the main road and parked close to where the extension of the airstrip would intersect the road. Luckily, we were at the right spot as a group of six of them came out of the thicket and crossed the road. We immediately followed them into the bush. Despite many obstacles, we managed to stick with the dogs for roughly 300m. But then, suddenly, we lost them in a relatively open area. We got out of the car and started looking for fresh tracks. There were quite a few prints on a small game trail. By following them, we ended up in a sandy rift with spaced out apple-leaf trees. Unfortunately, the sand was very deep which made it hard to surely identify any of the many tracks as being from wild dogs.
A subgroup of ‘Mula’ pack crossing the road on their way back to the den site
For the next three days, we continued our search but never managed to close in further to the potential den site. We usually lost track of the dogs in deep sand. As we were running low on supplies, we eventually decided to head back to our research camp. But this didn’t mean that we were giving up. Too close were we in finding the den site to call our mission a failure.
One of the identification photos we took of the ‘Mula’ pack dogs after we bumped into them early one morning.
A few days later we drove back to Xakanaxa early in the morning accompanied by ‘Tico’ McNutt, founder and director of BPCT, who has decades of experience in tracking wild dogs. He seemed quite confident in finding their den based on our preliminary efforts in narrowing down the search area. As we approached Xakanaxa, we drove to the spot where Ed and I lost sight of ‘Mula’ pack previously. Tico got out of the car with Ed and me following. He first circled around the spot in a wide loop in search of any fresh tracks. Once we closed the loop he headed for the direction where he must have seen the most promising tracks. Shortly after, he showed us fresh dog tracks and pointed towards the direction they were leading. After about 1.5 km we approached an open sand ridge. Tico told us to stick close together as he was confident of the den being nearby. We followed the fresh tracks in deep sand, and as we were approaching a few apple-leaf trees we suddenly heard the alarm bark of a wild dog. This was undoubtedly the den site we had been looking for. We crouched down but weren’t able to get a visual of the dog as the trees were quite dense. We decided to take a GPS fix and return with the vehicle.
Impressed by the way Tico tracked down the den in no time, we started heading back. After a few steps, he stopped and showed us animal tracks in deep sand. What seemed like it could have been any track to Ed and me, was definitely the spoor of a wild dog according to Tico. He pointed out that he could detect wild dogs in deep sand based on their gait. Two feet are always placed close together with a bigger gap between the next set of pads whereas the step lengths of hyena prints are generally more regularly spaced. This was an important lesson for us and definitely made the difference as Ed and I were constantly losing the dogs in soft substrate during our previous search efforts.
Wild dog tracks (left) are not always as distinguishable from hyena tracks (right). As the substrate gets softer, details of the paw vanish quickly. We learned from ‘Tico’ that it comes down to look for gait patterns such as spacing between the footprints in deep sand.
On our drive to the newly-discovered den site we were not able to see more than half a dozen of the adult dogs nor to get a visual of any pups. But when Ed and I drove back to the den a few days later, we managed to identify all ten adults, the two yearlings, and watch twelve new-born pups play youthfully outside the den. It was well worth the effort: No dogs had died since our last detailed encounter with the pack seven months ago and a promising number of pups was about to grow up.
Watch the ‘Mula’ pups as they emerge from the den:
Last week, I headed off to the University of Canterbury in the UK to present at the Amphibian Conservation Research Symposium. This is the fourth year that I’ve attended this meeting ,which aims to bring together researchers from all around the world working on all facets of amphibian conservation.
The attendees in Canterbury Photo credit: @AmphibianCon
For me, the meeting is always one of the major highlights of the year; an opportunity to get out of the office and network with a crowd of incredibly diverse people united with an infectious passion for amphibian conservation. As I’m in the final months of my PhD (and am therefore chained to my computer frantically writing up my thesis) this year was particularly rejuvenating- giving me a chance to live vicariously through the experiences shared by my fellow attendees. I may not have the time to do any fieldwork this year, but hearing about people scuba diving to discover the breeding ecology of critically endangered frogs, or using drones to survey bromeliads for cryptic amphibian species, cannot fail to inspire.
Undoubtedly a new life-goal for me: Arturo Muñoz Saravia surveying breeding behaviour of the Titicaca Water Frog through high-altitude scuba diving Photo credit: @TetZoo
ACRS always aims for a very broad mixture of talks, and this year was no exception. Topics spanned research into animal husbandry, infectious diseases (always necessarily a major topic in amphibian research, sadly), monitoring for cryptic species, and species’ reintroductions, to name just a few. These were complemented by a great set of keynote speakers. This year the key message I took from these talks is just how large and co-ordinated the amphibian conservation community is. Keynote talks from Anne Baker and Phil Bishop reminded me that although applied conservation often seems like working in a small-scale bubble, there is a whole alphabet soup of organisations (ASA, AArc, IUCN SSC ASG….the list is as endless as it is bewildering) co-ordinating across the globe to improve the fate of amphibians.
Penultimate talk of the conference: when can we rely on analysis of amphibian count data? Photo credit: @AmphibianCon
One great aspect of ACRS is their Future Leaders programme: each year, the committee funds the attendance costs of several early-career researchers who have made substantial achievements in amphibian conservation in their host country. This years’ leaders hailed from Nepal, Brazil, India and South Africa, and each gave great presentations and insight into working in countries where things operate very differently to Europe! Particularly notable was Sethu Parvathy’s impressive and hilarious one-woman theatre performance of the persecution of frogs in cardamom farms in India (simultaneously from the perspective of farmers, frogs and rats), and the inspirational work of Luis Marin da Fonte. His involvement in discovering the only known population of a species new to science (the aptly named Admirable Red-belly toad) and securing protection of this site by successfully campaigning against the building of a hydroelectric plant upstream from the population, drew a spontaneous round of applause from the audience.
ACRS Future Leaders; Biraj Shretha, Luis Marin da Fonte, Sethu Parvathy and Fortunate Phaka Photo credit: @AmphibianCon
My contribution to the meeting was a talk warning of the pitfalls of analysing count data; as the penultimate speaker on the last day of the conference, giving a talk on population modelling to a tired audience seemed like an uphill battle. However, I was happy to be approached by several people after the talk who were interested in my solution to the issues of non-closure in count data, and I hope that some fruitful collaborations will result from the meeting.
The inspirational story of the Admirable Red-belly toad Photo credit: @AgentAmphibian
Thanks to the organisers at the University of Canterbury for organising another great conference! And also to Darren Naish of Tetrapod Zoology for writing up this great summary of the conference.
